A common sight during the campaign was shirtless or trouserless men 'chatting', an expression used to describe the picking of lice out by hand. 'Come on, boys', he cried, 'they can't hit you' ... '10th Battalion scouts,' he shouted, 'are you ready?' Troop transports were called into service as makeshift hospital ships to cope with the large number of casualties being evacuated from Gallipoli in the early days of the campaign. In its first action of the war the 18th Battalion, which had set out from Anzac 760 strong, took 383 casualties, of whom approximately 190 were killed. A light railway line was built to move material between Anzac Cove and North Beach, seen here from the headland of Ari Burnu. I nearly howled with rage ... Of all the bastards of places this is the greatest bastard in the world. They had no food and no water. Six of the twelve men shown would be killed at Gallipoli. 'Is the gun all right, Sergeant? As his second line turned away to allow these ships through, the French warship Bouvet suddenly sustained a massive explosion and sank within minutes, taking more than 600 sailors to their deaths. (AWM A00882), Members of the 4th Australian Field Ambulance help to haul a large water tank up the steep slope from the beach at Anzac. Between December 1914 and March 1915, as the Australians and New Zealanders trained in the desert beneath the pyramids, a situation developed which was to bring them to battle not with the Germans but with the men of the Ottoman Army. After some dithering and much discussion, the British War Cabinet finally decided, on 8 December, to end the campaign. It was then realised that the enemy were simply soldiers, much like themselves, badly fed and as vulnerable as any human to the destructive impact of bullets and shell fragments on human flesh. During their training in Egypt the AIF and the NZEF were combined into a corps—the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC)—consisting of the First Australian Division and the New Zealand and Australian Division commanded by a British India Army officer, Lieutenant-General Sir William Birdwood. White devised the successful evacuation plans for all Allied forces in the Anzac and Suvla areas of Gallipoli. His remains were eventually reinterred in Shell Green cemetery. At dawn on 25 April 1915 they landed at a beach now known as ANZAC Cove. The two men After this action, decried by one historian as 'one of the most misconceived episodes in a misconceived battle', Australians never fought again in any numbers on the Helles front. (Lithograph, 91.2 c 59 cm, AWM ARTV00140), Lieutenant-Colonel Mustafa Kemal, commander of the Ottoman Army's 19th Division at Gallipoli (fourth from left), with officers and staff of the Anafarta Group, of which he was given command in August 1915. Eventually, Turkish soldiers became known as 'Johney Turk', even though both sides fought each other with determination until the end. Time and time again, determined Turkish assaults were beaten off from the New Zealand trenches. The Gallipoli campaign. The first wave of men, whose task it was to storm the beach and then push inland as fast as possible, was composed of the units of the 3rd Australian Brigade: three infantry battalions of men from Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia. Signaller Ellis Silas, 16th Battalion, was an artist and an eyewitness to the hard fought actions along the second ridge at Anzac, in which his unit was involved between 25 April and 3 May 1915. The Gallipoli campaign took place between April and December 1915 in an effort to take the Dardanelles from the Turkish Ottoman Empire (an ally of Germany and Austria) and thus force it out of the war. (AWM G00406; photographer: Ernest Brooks), Stretcher-bearers of the 1st Australian Field Ambulance carry a wounded Turk from their dressing station. Charles Bean described the effect of a direct enemy shell hit on an Australian gun on 17 July 1915, which killed two men and wounded the rest of the crew: Stanley Carter, part of whose back had been torn away ... regained a brief consciousness before he died. The attack by the exhausted and worn down soldiers of the 4th Brigade was quickly shot to pieces by the Turks. ', were his first words. Bodies of men killed in earlier struggles along the ridge were also discovered and buried. Another has written that the only benefit to Australia was that, for another year, it kept the men of the AIF away from the Western Front, where they would undoubtedly have suffered even heavier losses. (AWM P01645.003), Two signallers at an Australian signal station during the first few days following the landings at Gallipoli. Hamilton, protected only by a few sandbags, lay out in the open shouting instructions to those in the nearby trenches and sniping at Turkish bomb throwers. It contains a selection of images and a brief history of the Gallipoli campaign. At the start of the Gallipoli fighting the Anzacs had little respect for the Turkish soldiers. Tubb, his men, with bombs and bayonets, repulsed the Turks again, rebuilt the barricade and held the position in the face of fearful odds. Soon, the Australians reached the top and quickly overcame a trench full of Turkish soldiers, while the remainder of the garrison made off into the country beyond. Leading the Turkish counter-attack down from Chunuk Bair was the commander of the 19th Turkish Division, Lieutenant-Colonel Mustafa Kemal, who famously told his men: I don't order you to attack, I order you to die. The Australian most well known for doing so was John Simpson Kirkpatrick of the 3rd Field Ambulance, who was killed in action on 19 May 1915 as he was bringing two wounded men down through Shrapnel Gully. He was anxious to get information to higher command, but was shot as he stood to write the message. 865-866. AWM G01126, A pile of equipment taken from men killed and wounded in the fighting at Lone Pine between 6–9 August 1915. Corporal Alexander Burton (front row, right) was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his bravery at Lone Pine on 9 August 1915. Ah! A 1915 Australian recruiting poster with an Stretching away into the distance were the ridges and deep valleys of a wild, rugged, scrub-covered land-scape. Private Ormond Burton, New Zealand Medical Corps, saw the plight of some 300 wounded: No one appeared to be responsible for them. Private Les Wallis of the 16th Battalion was one of the few to reach the crest of the hill known as the Bloody Angle. The Gallipoli campaign was a military failure. (AWM A01541), Staff Sergeant Lionel Sergeant, 4th Australian Field Ambulance, uses some of his small allocation of water to wash his clothes. Lieutenant Alan Henderson of the 7th Battalion, a 20-year-old accountant from Hawthorn, Victoria, confided in a letter that would have arrived home well after his death in action a few days later: It is going to be Australia’s chance and she makes a tradition out of this that she must always look back on. (Mitchell Library, State Library of NSW, ML Safe 1/145), The bodies of Australian dead in the trenches following the Battle of Lone Pine, August 1915. Their younger brother William also served and was wounded on the Western Front. Amazingly, no dentists were initially appointed to the AIF, and as the Gallipoli campaign wore on, many dental problems emerged, ranging from broken teeth caused by the rock-hard army biscuits to far more severe problems, such as damaged dental plates. 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