Indus River Valley an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest India today, on the fertile floodplain of the Indus River and its vicinity. It was crossed by the invading armies of Alexander, but after his Macedonians conquered the west bank—joining it to the Hellenic world, they elected to retreat along the southern course of the river, ending Alexander's Asian campaign. It gradually bends to the south and descends into the Punjab plains at Kalabagh, Pakistan. The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest India today, on the fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its vicinity. Notable examples of genera that are present in the lower plain but generally not elsewhere in the Indus River basin are the Aphanius pupfish, Aplocheilus killifish, palla fish (Tenualosa ilisha), catla (Labeo catla), rohu (Labeo rohita) and Cirrhinus mrigala. The Indus Valley civilization also included the Himalayas, That Desert, and the Bay of Bengal. Irrigation canals were first built by the people of the Indus Valley Civilisation, and later by the engineers of the Kushan Empire and the Mughal Empire. Embankments have been constructed to prevent flooding, but occasionally these give way, and floods destroy large areas. Hundreds of settlements can be found in the Indus Valley by around 3000 B.C.E. In other languages of the region, the river is known as دریائے سندھ (Darya-ī Sindh) in Urdu सिन्धु (Sindhu) in Hindi, سنڌو (Sindhu) in Sindhi, سندھ (Sindh) in Shahmukhi Punjabi, ਸਿੰਧ ਨਦੀ (Sindh Nadī) in Gurmukhī Punjabi, اباسين (Abāsin lit. The word Punjab means "land of five rivers" and the five rivers are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, all of which finally flow into the Indus. The Indus River rises in the northern highlands of the Kailash Ranges in the Tibetan Autonomous Region. The Satluj River, the eastern most tributary of the Indus River, as it passess through the state of Himachal Pradesh in India shortly after it crosses the border from China. They speak Tibetan languages and practice Buddhism, although the Balti have adopted Islam. Farther downstream the Gilgit River is another right-bank tributary, joining it at Bunji. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Shigar River joins the Indus on the right bank near Skardu in Baltistan. The Guddu Barrage is 1,350 m (4,430 ft) long – irrigating Sukkur, Jacobabad, Larkana and Kalat. The Indus is partially diverted there to a powerhouse that can generate 1,450 megawatts. The right bank side is also leveed from Guddu barrage to Lake Manchar. The Indus Valley were later dominated by the Mauryan and Kushan Empires, Indo-Greek Kingdoms, Indo-Scythians and Hepthalites. This page was last edited on 18 April 2021, at 11:12. Indus is the longest river in Pakistan. [29], The Indus river dolphin (Platanista indicus minor) is found only in the Indus River. The Indus River Valley civilization was the first civilization to have running water and a sewage system. Mahenjo-Daro The largest city of ancient Indus River Valley. The Yangtze is the only river contributing more plastic. Dams reduce flows in lower portions of the system and limit the transport of fertile sediments downstream into the DELTA. [58] In early August, the heaviest flooding moved southward along the Indus River from severely affected northern regions toward western Punjab, where at least 1,400,000 acres (570,000 ha) of cropland was destroyed, and the southern province of Sindh. The population of fish in the river is moderately high, with Sukkur, Thatta, and Kotri being the major fishing centres – all in the lower Sindh course. Agriculture is sustained largely due to irrigation works. By 2600 BCE, dozens of towns and cities had been established, and between 2500 and 2000 BCE the Indus … The Indus plain is surrounded by high mountains, desert and ocean, and at that time there were dense forests and swamps to the east. [2] Indus River Valley geography and landforms: Indus River Valley has two main/important rivers: The Indus River and The Ganges, the Indus Valley is also near the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. Geography The Indus River is located on the northwestern part of the sub-continent with other rivers draining into it. Omissions? The Jhelum has its source in a spring at Verinag in the south-eastern part of the Kashmir Valley. A river keeps the land green and fertile for growing crops. Its principal right-bank tributaries are the Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Kurram and Gomal rivers. The Indus River provides key water resources for Pakistan's economy – especially the breadbasket of Punjab province, which accounts for most of the nation's agricultural production, and Sindh. Indus River Valley Physical Geography The Indus River Valley is distinguished by its plain-like topography and its abundance of rivers. Its total drainage area is about 450,000 square miles (1,165,000 square km), of which 175,000 square miles (453,000 square km) lie in the ranges and foothills of the Himalayas, the Hindu Kush, and the Karakoram Range; the rest is in the semiarid plains of Pakistan. Between the rainy months of June and September every year, the Indus River overflows thus enhancing the fertility of the soil and ensuring favorable cultivation of the land. in the list of rivers mentioned in the hymn of Nadistuti sukta. During the 2nd millennium BC, the Punjab region was mentioned in the Rigveda hymns as Sapta Sindhu and in the Avesta religious texts as Saptha Hindu (both terms meaning "seven rivers"). The flat land area made transportation extremely easy. Pakistanis taking shelter on higher ground after an Indus River flood, near Thatta, Sindh province, Pakistan, August 2010. Trade and Commerce: The Indus people were engaged in flourishing internal and external (foreign) trade. The Indus Valley Civilization was bordered by mountains and the Arabian Sea. These five rivers—the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej—give the name Punjab (“Five Rivers”) to the region divided between Pakistan and India. The Indus river dolphin is one of around 80 known species of cetacea and one of around 40 known species of dolphin. They were very close to the river itself. [63] Sindh is a fertile region and often called the "breadbasket" of the country; the damage and toll of the floods on the local agrarian economy was said to be extensive. The Induan Age at start of the Triassic Period of geological time is named for the Indus region. Geography influenced the location of early settlements Indus and Ganges river valleys vital push-pull factors Little is known about these civilizations, but Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were most likely twin capital cities. [30], There are two otter species in the Indus River basin: the Eurasian otter in the northeastern highland sections and the smooth-coated otter elsewhere in the river basin. [14] A later Persian name for the river was Darya,[15] which similarly has the connotations of large body of water and sea. The river rises in the southwestern Tibet Autonomous Region of China near Lake Mapam at an elevation of about 18,000 feet (5,500 metres). The delta covers an area of 3,000 square miles (7,800 square km) or more (and extends along the coast for about 130 miles (210 km). Among the settlements were the major urban centres of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, as well as Lothal, Dholavira, Ganeriwala, and Rakhigarhi. [64], In Pakistan currently there are six barrages on the Indus: Guddu Barrage, Sukkur Barrage, Kotri Barrage (also called Ghulam Muhammad barrage), Taunsa Barrage, Chashma Barrage and Jinnah Barrage. The northern part of the Indus Valley, with its tributaries, forms the Punjab region of South Asia, while the lower course of the river ends in a large delta in the southern Sindh province of Pakistan. Attock Fort is on the bank of the Indus River in northernPunjab 30. In the Nanga Parbat region, the massive amounts of erosion due to the Indus river following the capture and rerouting through that area is thought to bring middle and lower crustal rocks to the surface.[28]. [31], The Indus River basin has a high diversity, being the home of more than 180 freshwater fish species,[32] including 22 which are found nowhere else. After emerging from this highland region, the Indus flows as a rapid mountain stream between the Swat River and Hazara areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province until it reaches the reservoir of Tarbela Dam. It is joined by the Panjnad at Mithankot. ", U.S. diplomat Richard Holbrooke said, shortly before his death in 2010, that he believed that falling water levels in the Indus River "could very well precipitate World War III. Modern irrigation was introduced by the British East India Company in 1850 – the construction of modern canals accompanied with the restoration of old canals. Tarbela Dam in Pakistan is constructed on the Indus River, while the controversial Kalabagh dam is also being constructed on Indus river. [59] As of September 2010[update], over two thousand people had died and over a million homes had been destroyed since the flooding began. Write the main features of the indus river system The river Indus rises in Tibet, near Lake Mansarowar. [4][5][6][7][8] The variation between the two names is explained by the Old Iranian sound change *s > h, which occurred between 850 and 600 BCE according to Asko Parpola. The Indus River features a total catchment basin of more than 1,165,000 square km (450,000 sq miles). They used these crops for trade. Kailash) mountain ranges. [43][44] Any further utilization of the river basin water is not economically feasible. "The Indus River east of Skardu, Baltistan" 27. It originates from a glacier near Bokhar Chu in the Tibetan region at an altitude of 4,164 m in the Kailash Mountain range near the Mansarovar Lake. Finally, it cuts across the Salt Range near Kalabagh to enter the Punjab Plain. Farmers lived together in villages. The Indus river feeds the Indus submarine fan, which is the second largest sediment body on the Earth. [29] Fish also played a major role in earlier cultures of the region, including the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation where depictions of fish were frequent. The Mughal Emperor Babur writes of encountering rhinoceroses along its bank in his memoirs (the Baburnama). Mohenjo-daro, on the right bank of the Indus River, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the first site in South Asia to be so declared. The huge Indus river system waters a rich agricultural landscape. Dams compartmentalize river systems and isolate aquatic life into smaller communities. Deeply, deeply concerned. Corrections? [38], The ethnicities of the Indus Valley (Pakistan and Northwest India) have a greater amount of ANI (or West Eurasian) admixture than other South Asians, including inputs from Western Steppe Herders, with evidence of more sustained and multi-layered migrations from the west. It flows through the plain in western and southern Punjab province in Pakistan at an elevation of about 260 feet (80 metres). [25] It consists of around 5 million cubic kilometres of material eroded from the mountains. At Baramullathe river enters a gorge in the hills. [55][56], Frequently, Indus river is prone to moderate to severe flooding. [12][13], The meaning of Sindhu as a "large body of water, sea, or ocean" is a later meaning in Classical Sanskrit. The rain continued for the next two months, devastating large areas of Pakistan. After Pakistan came into existence, a water control treaty signed between India and Pakistan in 1960 guaranteed that Pakistan would receive water from the Indus River and its two tributaries the Jhelum River & the Chenab River independently of upstream control by India.[34]. The Indus receives its most-notable tributaries from the eastern Punjab Plain. The roads were wide, not narrow. The river has developed antecedent drainage in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indus River Delta is a special ecosystem and it is also a threatened one. The Indus river follows a long and straight course in Ladakh, running between the Ladakh and the Zaskar ranges. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. For about 200 miles (320 km) it flows northwest, crossing the southeastern boundary of the disputed Kashmir region at about 15,000 feet (4,600 metres). The Indus river and its watershed has a rich biodiversity. The climate was tropical and contained seasonal winds called monsoons. Accounts of the Indus valley from the times of Alexander's campaign indicate a healthy forest cover in the region, which has now considerably receded. The flooding followed the previous year's floods, which devastated a large part of the country. During heavy flooding the river sometimes changes its course. Such floods occurred in 1947, 1958, and 2010. Below its confluence with the Shyok, as far as the Kohistan region of Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, it is fed by mighty glaciers on the slopes of the Karakoram Range, the Nanga Parbat massif, and the Kohistan highlands. It flows northwards into Wular Lake (north-western part of Kashmir Valley). The Indus delta has elongated protruding distributaries and low sandy beaches. 2. Major carp become common, and chameleonfish (Badis), mullet (Sicamugil) and swamp eel (Monopterus) appear. The Indus system is largely fed by the snows and glaciers of the Himalayas, Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges of Tibet, the Indian states and union territories of Ladakh and Himachal Pradesh and the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. The Indus ha… The Rigvedic hymns apply a feminine gender to all the rivers mentioned therein, except for the Brahmaputra. [11] It was adopted by the Romans as Indus. One of the major rivers of Asia with a total length of 2900 km. There were no large, major monuments. Pakistan is also building Munda Dam. Beyond this confluence, the river, at one time, was named the Satnad River (sat = "seven", nadī = "river"), as the river now carried the waters of the Kabul River, the Indus River and the five Punjab rivers. [54], The Indus is second among a group of ten rivers responsible for about 90% of all the plastic that reaches the oceans. "But we all have very nasty fears that the flows of the Indus could be severely, severely affected by glacier melt as a consequence of climate change," and reduced by perhaps as much as 50 percent. Indus River of s Asia.It rises in the Kailas mountain range in Tibet, and flows wnw through the Jammu and Kashmir region of India, then sw through Pakistan and into the Arabian Sea.Semi-navigable along its shallow lower part, the river is used chiefly for irrigation and hydroelectric power.In its lower valley, there are traces of an urban civilization that flourished in the 3rd millennium bc. Beginning in a mountain spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayan, Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges, the river supports the ecosystems of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad is 915 metres (3,000 ft) long and provides additional water supplies for Karachi. The dams also generate electricity for heavy industries and urban centers. Downriver from around Thakot, Tarbela, the Kabul–Indus river confluence, Attock Khurd and Peshawar the diversity rises strongly, including many cyprinids (Amblypharyngodon, Aspidoparia, Barilius, Chela, Cirrhinus, Crossocheilus, Cyprinion, Danio, Devario, Esomus, Garra, Labeo, Naziritor, Osteobrama, Pethia, Puntius, Rasbora, Salmophasia, Securicula and Systomus), true loaches (Botia and Lepidocephalus), stone loaches (Acanthocobitis and Nemacheilus), ailiid catfish (Clupisoma), bagridae catfish (Batasio, Mystus, Rita and Sperata), airsac catfish (Heteropneustes), schilbid catfish (Eutropiichthys), silurid catfish (Ompok and Wallago), sisorid catfish (Bagarius, Gagata, Glyptothorax and Sisor), gouramis (Trichogaster), nandid leaffish (Nandus), snakeheads (Channa), spiny eel (Macrognathus and Mastacembelus), knifefish (Notopterus), glassfish (Chanda and Parambassis), clupeids (Gudusia), needlefish (Xenentodon) and gobies (Glossogobius), as well as a few introduced species. The plain strip of land stretches across Southern Asia, and includes the present-day countries India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan. Qin Dahe, the former head of the China Meteorological Administration, said the recent fast pace of melting and warmer temperatures will be good for agriculture and tourism in the short term, but issued a strong warning: "There is insufficient data to say what will happen to the Indus," says David Grey, the World Bank's senior water advisor in South Asia. There is also evidence of a steady shift in the course of the river since prehistoric times – it deviated westwards from flowing into the Rann of Kutch and adjoining Banni grasslands after the 1816 earthquake. [67], The entire left bank of Indus river in Sind province is protected from river flooding by constructing around 600 km long levees. Miniature votive images or toy models from Harappa, c. 2500 BCE. It forms a spectacular gorge near Gilgit(at Bunzi, north of Nanga Parbat) in Jammu and Kashmir. Palla fish (Tenualosa ilisha) of the river is a delicacy for people living along the river. [1] The significant features of Indus Valley civilization are personal cleanliness, town planning, construction of burnt-brick houses, ceramics, casting, forging of metals, manufacturing of cotton and woolen textiles. A short way beyond Leh, in the Indian-administered union territory of Ladakh, it is joined on its left by its first major tributary, the Zaskar River. The Sindh Environmental Protection Agency has ordered polluting factories around the river to shut down under the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997. [52][53] As a result, the government banned fishing from Guddu Barrage to Sukkur. Extensive deforestation and human interference in the ecology of the Shivalik Hills has led to a marked deterioration in vegetation and growing conditions. A short distance downstream the Astor River, running off the eastern slope of Nanga Parbat, joins as a left-bank tributary. It flows swiftly across Hazara and is dammed at the Tarbela Reservoir. "Now what does that mean to a population that lives in a desert [where], without the river, there would be no life? The water availability from the Indus basin has transformed the deserts into the fertile agricultural fields, which has facilitated the influx of human settlers into the uninhabited land. The Kābul River joins the Indus just above Attock, where the Indus flows at an elevation of 2,000 feet (600 metres) and is crossed by the first bridge carrying rail and road. The Indus River is one of the major rivers of the world that drains one of Asia's chief catchment basins, and is the locus of some of the earliest known human civilizations. "Lion River" or Lion Spring) in Tibetan, 印度 (Yìndù) in Chinese, Nilab in Turki and සින්දු නදී (Sindhu Nadi) in Sinhala. Physical Features . Flowing southward through Pakistan and emptying into the Arabian Sea, the Indus River has supported agriculture for millennia. It is home to around 25 amphibian species. The first West Eurasian empire to annex the Indus Valley was the Persian Empire, during the reign of Darius the Great. Most scholars believe that settlements of Gandhara grave culture of the early Indo-Aryans flourished in Gandhara from 1700 BC to 600 BC, when Mohenjo-daro and Harappa had already been abandoned. Indus River - Indus River - People: Peoples living along the upper reaches of the Indus—e.g., Tibetans, Ladakhi, and Balti—show affinities with Central rather than South Asia. [65][66] There are some bridges on river Indus, such as, Dadu Moro Bridge, Larkana Khairpur Indus River Bridge, Thatta-Sujawal bridge, Jhirk-Mula Katiar bridge and recently planned Kandhkot-Ghotki bridge. The Indus passes gigantic gorges 4,500–5,200 metres (15,000–17,000 feet) deep near the Nanga Parbat massif. 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